Calculatin aRoute Summarization !!!!

lets look at the following four networks :

172.20.0.0/16                                                                                           
172.21.0.0/16
172.22.0.0/16                                                                                                     
172.23.0.0/16

1st Step you should convert all octet to binary :

  128    64    32   16   8    4   2   1

172.20.0.0          1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 . 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

172.21.0.0          1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 . 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

172.22.0.0          1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

172.23.0.0          1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

                                                            

count the number of left-most matching bits to determine the mask 14 matching bits its mean by CIDR /14  or by Subnet mask 255.252.0.0

so about 

172.20.0.0/16                                         
172.21.0.0/16
172.22.0.0/16
172.23.0.0/16

can be summarized into the single network address and prefix 172.20.0.0/14 

Variable Length Subnetmask

Variable Length Subnetmask !!!!!!!!!!!!!

IP ADDRESS : 192.168.20.0/24 Class C Network !!!

Network A : 50 Hosts 

Network B : 27 Hosts

Network c : 12 Hosts

Network D : 12 Hosts

Network E : 2 Hosts

Network F : 2 Hosts                                                                                         

Network G : 2 Hosts

Network H : 2 Hosts                                                                       

So the Number of Networks = 8 Networks

192.168.20. 0

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

NN HHHHHH

h

2 - 2 = --

6

2 - 2 = 62

n

2 = Nummber of Subnets

2

2 = 4 Subnets

00 000000 = 0

01 000000 = 64 => this is for Network A

10 000000 = 128

11 000000 = 192

N N 

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

Subnet masks for Network A 255.255.255.192 or by CIDr 192.168.20.0/26

( borrowed 2 N from Hosts )

so Network A from 192.168.20.64 to 192.168.20.127

2nd we will subnetting for Network B from 192.168.20.128 to 192.168.20.191

its mean 10 000000 = 128

h

2 - 2 = -- 

5

2 - 2 = 30                                                                                                                

NNN HHHHH

but in Network A we used 2 N

but in Network B we using 3 N so 

1 0 N HHHHH

this N for 0 and for 1

1 0 0 HHHHH so Network B 128

1 0 1 HHHHH

Subnetmask for Network B = 255.255.255.224 or by CIDR = 26 + 1 Extra bit 

192.168.20.128/27

( borrowed 3 N from Hosts )

so its still found two Networks from 128 to 159 and from 160 to 191

Next 2 Network c and d 

from 160 to 191

it means 1 0 1 N HHHH

for Network C = 12 Hosts

its mean

h

2 - 2 = ---                                        

4

2 - 2 = 14 Hosts

NNNN HHHH

1 0 1 0 HHHH 160 this is for Network C to 175

1 0 1 1 HHHH 176 this is for Network D to 191

Subnet mask 255.255.255.240 and by CIDR /28 = 27 + 1 Extra bit

because C and D in the same value of Number of Hosts

Network c : 12 Hosts

Network D : 12 Hosts

about A , B , C , D

this is my Network 

00000000 192.168.20.0/26     Network Address Unvalid

01000000 192.168.20.64/24   Network A

10000000 192.168.20.128/27 Network B

10100000 192.168.20.160/28 Network C

10110000 192.168.20.176/28 Network D

11000000 192.168.20.192/26 Broadcast Address Unvalid

but about this Range from 192.168.20.1 to 192.168.20.63 its Valid IP Addresses

and can use it so we can use this point to point Networks for Network E , Network F , Network G 

Network H

so now lets make network for E, F, G, H

h

2 - 2 = --

2

2 - 2 = 2 we just need 2 hosts so its valid

about first ip 192.168.20.0/26 00000000

00 NNNN 00

but we need just 2 H

so NNNN for represent 4 Extra bits like this :

00 000000 = 0

01 000000 = 64 

10 000000 = 128 001 010 011 0010 0001 0011 00001 00010 00011 ..etc

11 000000 = 192

represent 2 Hosts bits

and about 4N bits u can give it 16 Subnets

its mean you can subnet it for

0000 0000 0/30 0 - 3 first host 1 last one 2

0000 0100 4/30 4 - 7 first host 5 last host 6

0000 1000 8/30 8 - 12 first host 9 last 10 

0000 1100 12/30

0001 0000 16/30

-

-

-

-

0011 1000 56/30

0011 1100 60/30

this is My All Networks

0000 0000 192.168.20.0/30      Network E

0000 0100 192.168.20.4/30     Network F

0000 1000 192.168.20.8/30     Network G

0000 1100 192.168.20.12/30   Network H

0001 0000 192.168.20.16/30   For future Growth

01000000 192.168.20.64/24 Network A

10000000 192.168.20.128/27 Network B

10100000 192.168.20.160/28 Network C

10110000 192.168.20.176/28 Network D

Enjoy !!!                                                                                       

How to Recover Router Password !!!!!!

Router Password Recovery

1. you can connect your router with consol port to configure it .

2.Then turn on and turn off and turn on your router .

3.Then when the IOS decompressed press Ctrl + Puase break key .

(you are now in the Rommon>)

4.Then change confreg to 0x2142 then press Enter

(so what is the meaning of this 0x2142 Value this is meaning Router behavioures

this Value Translated to ( Causes system softwareto ignore NVRAM contents )

this is mean we ignore the NVRAM which contains startup-configeration )

5.Then type reset to restart your router then press enter to restart your router without the NVRAM or Startup-Configeration .

6. then the router enter to default mode like this

--- System Configuration Dialog ---
Continue with configuration dialog? [yes/no] : n

7.Then type enable to enter to the privellege mode # .

8. Then type copy copy startup-config running-config (you should make that causes you ignored your NVRAM which contain startup-config so you should copy your startup-config to running-config )

9. Then type configure terminal to enter to the global config .

10. you can enter to your passwords to change it or remove all passwords like (line console 0 or line vty 0 4 ..etc ).

11. after you made that go to Router(config)# then restore the config-register value to the default value ( 0x2102 ) .

12. Then type exit .

13.Then type in privellege # mode copy running-config startup-config .

14.Then type reload and you are Done !!!!!

practical Tutorial Example on Packet tracer :

    

1. Press RETURN to get started !

                          2. then press enter ..

Router > enable

Router # configure terminal

Router (config) # line console 0

Router(config-line)#password ( bla bla bla bla bla bla bla )

Router(config-line)#login

Router(config-line)#exit

Router(config)#line vty 0 4

Router(config-line)#password (bla bla bla bla bla bla bla bla bla)

Router(config-line)#login

Router(config-line)#end

Router#copy running-config startup-config

Destination filename [startup-config]? Press enter

Building configuration...

[OK]

Router#reload

Proceed with reload? [confirm] Press enter to reload

cumonto Recover your passwords :

1. turn off and turn on the router

2. while the router decompress the IOS like this

                

3. press on CTRL + Pause break

4.you will enter to the Rommon Mode

monitor: command "boot" aborted due to user interrupt

rommon 1 > confreg 0x2142 then press enter

rommon 2 > reset

the router reset now and decompress the IOS and enter to

the normal default router mode

5. press (n) then enter

6.Router >enable

7.Router#copy startup-config running-config

Destination filename [running-config]?
                                                                                            
513 bytes copied in 0.416 secs (1233 bytes/sec)

8.Router #config terminal

9.Router(config)#line console 0

10.Router(config-line)#no password i remove line console 0 password

11.Router(config-line)#exit

12. Router(config)#line vty 0 4

13.Router(config-line)#no password i remove line vty 0 4 (telnet)

14.Router(config-line)#exit

15.Router(config)#config-register 0x2102 i restore config-register value to default 0x2102

16.Router(config)#end

17.Router#copy running-config startup-config
Destination filename [startup-config]?
Building configuration...
[OK]

18.Router#reload to take effect

19.You Are Done !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

3- Networking Basics - Networks Types ( Lan - Man - Wan )!

1st _ Lan (Local Area Network) :

the Local Area Network its its covering asmall physical area like company ore home or use small grouping in the building and this Lan  its too speed its between 10Mb or 100Mb or 1000Mb or 10Gb and the destance about it 1 k.m .. 

2st _ Man (metropolitan area network) :

the metropolitan area network is larger than Lan it can be in the city or in the larg places and the metropolitan area network is interconnects a number of Lans by using abackbone cables but the destance abot man can be 1-10 k.m and MANs can also depend on communications channels of moderate-to-high data rates. A MAN might be owned and operated by a single organization, but it usually will be used by many individuals and organizations. MANs might also be owned and operated as public utilities. They will often provide means for internetworking of Local Networks for example google company !

 3rd _ Wan (Wide Area Network) :

the Wide Area Network meaning its broad area and its contains alot of Networks connected to each other hmm so we can called the internet is Wan .. ya you can say the internet is the Wan Network ...

2- Networking Basics - Networks History !

in the past it was not fount any networks so it was alot of time lose cause if you from canada and another one from germany and you need to send to it files or message how can you make ?

you have to go to him and it was take along time ...

the mainframe computer :

in the past it was found abig computer called mainframe its asuper computer cause it was having abig storage memories and its too speed cause it having a great processing speed  and very expensive !

hmm so what was can be use this main frame look at this photo it will share to you what was working on the networking 

it was connected to another pc's and this pc's called Dump terminal and when the employee finish him or her works he should save him or her files on this mainframe and this pc's was send input to the mainframe and out put from the main frame and the pc about user1 can enter to the pc about user 2 or 3 or 4 one of those combinations or pc2 can enter to the pc3 or 4 or one of those combinations ...

Now it found alot of pc's (Personal computer) and can communicate by the cables and abig company not need to get the mainframe we can now share with us alot of files and exchange fot informations by cables !

1- Introduction to Network+ Certification (Way to Networking) - (Simple)

Network+ Certification - Comptia

1st _ what is Comptia company ?

this company having alot of certificates about about Network + or security + or Linux + or server + or Comptia A+ and .. etc 

in My tutorial we will learn more about Network + and this tutorials will be progress in the future to support Microsoft company or Cisco Company 

2nd _what is the comptia Networke+ certification ?

this certification is the fist step on the Networking Fields so if you need to be professional in the Networking you should take this certification or make your first step on the Networking Field .. it mean this certification it learn you all faundmentals about Networking to be professional .. it will learn you how to configure and troublshooting and klnow what is the protocols and learn you what is the meaning of OSI layer and learn you how to subnetting and speaking about Networking Topologies and devices and cables and what is the Lan Networking or Wan Networking and Networking Basics and NAT and VPN .. More info

Networking Basics - What is Network ?

what is the Network 

1st _ For example we are on the big company and this company having alot of employee and all of this employee having one printer what should be make all of this employees ? 

 this is the answer about it the all of this employees can using this printer by sharing and connecting with us and all of them can using this printer ok now  i think you got my meaning !

 

2nd _ For example we need to send files to anothere employee .. what will you make ?

this is answer you can send the files from your pc to him or her pc by the Network by cables .. hmmm so you need to tell me the Network meaning information sharing & exchange no not  information sharing & exchange nothing .. you can be comfortable and making  alot of jobs fast  no need to take along time to make your jobs and you can exchange our files easy by the Network  !

 

3rd _ so what is the meaning of the Network ?

the meaning of Network is Two or more connected computers that can share resources resources can be (Data - informations - printer - Applications or) .